Conditional Mood

Verbs in conditional mood express uncertainty or a sort of condition (surprise) 🙂

Two tenses are used for that: present and past

GOOD NEWS! Exceptional verbs and some otherwise irregular verbs are regular in conditional mood. However, the rules are:

-Verbs in two consonants
-Verbs in -Ă­t
–Monosyllabic verbs in -t with long Ʊ
take the conditional suffixes with a link vowel!

And of course the irregular verbs are:

van/lesz, megy, jön, eszik, iszik, tesz, vesz, hisz, visz

P R E S E N T   C O N D I T I O N A L

The general ending for present conditional is: -né (= would)

Formation: fut + -né + -k = futnék > I would run

Indefinite suffixes for conditional mood:
-(e)nék, -(a)nék !!!!!!!
-(e)nél, -(a)nål
-(e)ne, -(a)na
-(e)nénk, -(a)nånk
-(e)nétek, -(a)nåtok
-(e)nének, -(a)nånak

IMPORTANT! There is no special suffix for verbs with ö Ƒ ĂŒ Ʊ. And the 1st PS indefinite form is the same for both high and deep-vowel verbs!!!!

ÉLNI = TO LIVE
élnék
élnél
Ă©lne
élnénk
élnétek
élnének

SZÜLNI = TO BEAR
szĂŒlnĂ©k
szĂŒlnĂ©l
szĂŒlne
szĂŒlnĂ©nk
szĂŒlnĂ©tek
szĂŒlnĂ©nek

JÁRNI = TO WALK
jårnék !!!
jĂĄrnĂĄl
jĂĄrna
jĂĄrnĂĄnk
jĂĄrnĂĄtok
jĂĄrnĂĄnak

Example for verbs in two consonant:
nyĂșjt: nyĂșjtanĂ©k, nyĂșjtanĂĄl, nyĂșjtana, nyĂșjtanĂĄnk, nyĂșjtanĂĄtok, nyĂșjtanĂĄnak
rejt: rejtenék, rejtenél, rejtene, rejtenénk, rejtenétek, rejtenének
költ: költenék, költenél, költene, költenénk, költenétek, költenének

Example for verbs in -ít and in -t with long Ʊ:
lazít: lazítanék, lazítanål, lazítana, lazítanånk, lazítanåtok, lazítanånak
hƱt: hƱtenék, hƱtenél, hƱtene, hƱtenénk, hƱtenétek, hƱtenének

Some sentences:

Nem tudnék így énekelni.
I can’t sing like that. (literally: I couldn’t sing like that)

ÍrnĂ©k egy levelet neki, de nem tudom, hova kĂŒldjem.
I’d write him a letter, but I don’t know where to send it.

SĂ©tĂĄlnĂĄl velem egyet a parkban?
Would you have a walk with me in the park?

Mondanånak valamit, de nem beszélnek spanyolul.
They would say something, but they don’t speak Spanish.

So much for indefinite conditional. Bye now. 🙂

When do you use imperative mood?

I mean you use it when you give an order to someone to do something. But what other situation requires it? Well, usually when English uses these constructions:

1. indirect object + to + verb: He wants me to go.

2. for + indirect object + to + verb: It’s time for me to go.

These sentences could be said (if English used that solution) with subjunctive mood:

1. He wants that I go.

2. It’s time that I go.

When it comes to subjunctive mood, you use the conjunction THAT and you put the verb in subjunctive mood. However, as English verbs has no more than three forms, there is no suffix or ending which would show us it is that mood.

Hungarian, in turn, uses this subjunctive mood-like solution by saying the conjunction HOGY (=that) and putting the verb in imperative mood. So the two sentences above sound like this in Hungarian.

1. Azt akarja, hogy menjek. = He wants that I go. (me to go)

2. Ideje, hogy menjek. = It’s time that I go. (for me to go)

Let’s see a summary from another point of view:

me to go = that I go = hogy menjek

for me to go = that I go = hogy menjek

So me…go and for me… go is equal to I go and the to preposition is equal to the conjunction that.

CONCLUSION! Hungarian uses the HOGY conjunction + imperative mood when English uses (FOR) + INDIRECT OBJECT + TO + VERB.

Usually it comes to such sentences when a verb expresses desire (want, would like, demand, order, wish…) and with impersonal expressions (time to, impossible to…). Some more examples:

It’s time for us to tell our opinion.
Ideje, hogy elmondjuk a vĂ©lemĂ©nyĂŒnket.

It’s impossible for him to get there in time.
Lehetetlen, hogy idƑben odaĂ©rjen.

We’re almost finished with imperative mood. Next time we’ll see how to say: DON’T

Irregular Verbs in Imperative Mood Part 3

FƐNI = TO BOIL, TO BE COOKED
Indef.: fƑjön, fƑjenek
Def.: fƑje, fƑjĂ©k

FƑni makes sense only in 3rd PS and 3rd PP!

VERBS IN D
They take one -D in imperative mood definite conjugation 2nd PS!
fed > fedd; ad > add; mond > mondd; tagad > tagadd; enged > engedd

VERBS IN T WITH A SHORT VOWEL
They take double -SS in imperative mood in all numbers/persons for both definite and indefinite conjugation!

Examples in 2nd PS indefinite:
fut > fuss; ĂŒt > ĂŒss; nevet > nevess; kutat > kutass

MONOSYLLABIC VERBS WITH A LONG VOWEL OR IN TWO CONSONANTS (if the last consonant is T)
They take -TS for imperative mood for all numbers/persons, in both definite and indefinite conjugation! The TS is spelled like double CCS in speech. Exception to this rule is LÁT which is a regular Group 1 verb!

Examples in 2nd PS indefinite:
fƱt > fƱts; mƱt > mƱts; ejt > ejts; gyĂșjt > gyĂșjts

As for conjugating verbs, we’re finished with imperative mood.

Irregular Verbs In Imperative Mood Part 2

ENNI = TO EAT
Indef.: egyek, egyĂ©l, egyen, egyĂŒnk, egyetek, egyenek
Def.: egyem, edd / egyed, egye, egyĂŒk, egyĂ©tek, egyĂ©k

INNI = TO DRINK
Indef.: igyak, igyĂĄl, igyon, igyunk, igyatok, igyanak
Def.: igyam, idd / igyad, igya, igyuk, igyĂĄtok, igyĂĄk

No short form in 2nd PS for enni, inni!

NƐNI = TO GROW
Indef.: nƑjek, nƑj / nƑjĂ©l, nƑjön, nƑjĂŒnk, nƑjetek, nƑjenek
Def.: nƑjem, nƑdd / nƑjed, nƑje, nƑjĂŒk, nƑjĂ©tek, nƑjĂ©k

NOTE ! NƑni can be conjugated with definite suffixes when phrasal verb: kinƑni!

LƐNI = TO SHOOT
Indef.: lƑjek, lƑj / lƑjĂ©l, lƑjön, lƑjĂŒnk, lƑjetek, lƑjenek
Def.: lƑjem, lƑdd / lƑjed, lƑje, lƑjĂŒk, lƑjĂ©tek, lƑjĂ©k

SZƐNI = TO WEAVE
Indef.: szƑjek, szƑj / szƑjĂ©l, szƑjön, szƑjĂŒnk, szƑjetek, szƑjenek
Def.: szƑjem, szƑdd / szƑjed, szƑje, szƑjĂŒk, szƑjĂ©tek, szƑjĂ©k

RÓNI = TO NOTCH
Indef.: rĂłjak, rĂłj / rĂłjĂĄl, rĂłjon, rĂłjunk, rĂłjatok, rĂłjanak
Def.: rĂłjam, rĂłdd / rĂłjad, rĂłja, rĂłjuk, rĂłjĂĄtok, rĂłjĂĄk

Other verbs irregular in present tense like aludni, fekĂŒdni, nyugodni are regular in imperative mood:

Indef: aludjak, aludj / aludjĂĄl, aludjon, aludjunk, aludjatok, aludjanak
Def: aludjam, aludd / aludjad, aludja, aludjuk, aludjĂĄtok, aludjĂĄk

Aludni can be definite when phrasal verb: kialudni

Indef: nyugodjak, nyugodj / nyugodjĂĄl, nyugodjon, nyugodjunk, nyugodjatok, nyugodjanak
No definite conjugation for nyugodni!

Indef: fekĂŒdjek, fekĂŒdj / fekĂŒdjĂ©l, fekĂŒdjön, fekĂŒdjĂŒnk, fekĂŒdjetek, fekĂŒdjenek
Def: fekĂŒdjem, fekĂŒdd / fekĂŒdjed, fekĂŒdje, fekĂŒdjĂŒk, fekĂŒdjĂ©tek, fekĂŒdjĂ©k

More next time. Bye 🙂

Irregular Verbs In Imperative Mood Part 1

LENNI = TO BE
Only indefinite conjugation!
legyek
légy / legyél
legyen
legyĂŒnk
legyetek
legyenek

There is only one version of conjugation in imperative mood for ‘lenni’. Unlike in indicative present tense van/lesz. You use the conjugated forms above for both van/lesz in imperative!

MENNI, JÖNNI = TO GO, TO COME
Only indefinite conjugation!
menjek                      jöjjek
menj / menjél        gyere
menjen                     jöjjön
menjĂŒnk                  jöjjĂŒnk
menjetek                 gyertek
menjenek                jöjjenek 

The verb ‘jön’ can also have these forms for 2nd PS and 2nd PP: jöjj / jöjjĂ©l and jöjjetek. I’d rather you used the irregular forms: gyere, gyertek!

TENNI, VENNI = TO PUT, TO BUY
Indef. tesz:                     Def. tesz:
tegyek                            tegyem
tégy / tegyél                tedd / tegyed
tegyen                            tegye
tegyĂŒnk                         tegyĂŒk
tegyetek                        tegyétek
tegyenek                       tegyék

Indef. vesz:                     Def. vesz:
vegyek                            vegyem
végy / vegyél                vedd / vegyed
vegyen                            vegye
vegyĂŒnk                         vegyĂŒk
vegyetek                        vegyétek
vegyenek                       vegyék

VINNI, HINNI = TO BRING, TO BELIEVE
Indef. visz:                     Def. visz:
vigyek                            vigyem
vigyél                              vidd / vigyed
vigyen                            vigye
vigyĂŒnk                         vigyĂŒk
vigyetek                        vigyétek
vigyenek                       vigyék

Indef. hisz:                       Def. hisz:
higgyek                           higgyem
higgy / higgyél            hidd / higgyed
higgyen                           higgye
higgyĂŒnk                        higgyĂŒk
higgyetek                       higgyétek
higgyenek                      higgyék

NOTE! ‘Vinni’ has only one form for 2nd PS indefinite! ‘Hinni’ takes double ggy in imperative!!!

Part 2 comes next time: enni, inni, nƑni…

“Exceptional” Verbs + Assimilation in Imperative Mood

Such verbs are tricky in imperative mood because their final consonants suffers assimilation with the -j imperative ending, which means that the last consonant of the verb gives its characteristic to the -j ending. The consonants in question are:

S  SZ  Z  T  J

And it goes like this:

s + j = ss > mos + –jon = mosson

sz + j = ssz > jĂĄtsz + –jon = jĂĄtsszon

z + j = zz > nĂ©z + –jen = nĂ©zzen

t + j = ts > költ + –jön = költsön

j + j = jj > fĂĄj + –jon = fĂĄjjon

NOTE! Verbs in two consonants if the last consonant is -t (költ) and verbs in -Ă­t are typical verbs for assimilation! Examples: dönt + -jön = döntsön; segĂ­t + -jen = segĂ­tsen. Also real -ik verbs suffer assimilation because they end in -s, -sz, -z: mĂĄszik > mĂĄsszon; fĂĄzik > fĂĄzzon…

Let’s see some examples for such verbs:

Indefinite conjugation: les (to peep), nĂ©z (to watch), Ășszik (to swim)

lessek          nĂ©zzek          Ășsszak
lessĂ©l           nĂ©zzĂ©l           ĂșsszĂĄl
lessen          nĂ©zzen          Ășsszon
lessĂŒnk        nĂ©zzĂŒnk       Ășsszunk
lessetek       nĂ©zzetek      Ășsszatok
lessenek      nĂ©zzenek     Ășsszanak

Definite conjugation:

lessem          nĂ©zzem          Ășsszam
lessed           nĂ©zzed           Ășsszad
lesse              nĂ©zze             Ășssza
lessĂŒk           nĂ©zzĂŒk           Ășsszuk
lessĂ©tek       nĂ©zzĂ©tek        ĂșsszĂĄtok
lessĂ©k           nĂ©zzĂ©k            ĂșsszĂĄk

NOTE! The 2nd PS form for both definite and indefinite conjugation can have a shorter form:

Indefinite: less, nĂ©zz, Ășssz

Definite: lesd, nĂ©zd, Ășszd
(> with the definite 2nd PS short form there is only one s, z or sz consonant + a -d ending!)

Furthermore, monosyllabic verbs in -t take -ss ending: fut > fusson. It’s different from költ > költsön!!!

I know it looks too much to you, but just keep pracitising. It needs a little bit getting used to it.

Next time irregular verbs. Cheer up! 🙂

Hadd!

Before taking a look at exceptional and irregular verbs, let’s talk about this imperative verb:

hadd = let (sy do sg)

It is a general exclamation when we allow someone to do something or we tell someone to allow something to a third person. Do I make myself clear? 🙂

So it can refer to all persons, but you should consider it as a modal verb which requires the main verb to be in imperative mood. So the formula is:

Hadd + verb conjugated in imperative mood

Hadd aludjon! = Let him/her sleep.

More examples:

Hadd menjek moziba! – Let me go to the cinema.
Hadd jĂĄtsszanak a fƱben! – Let them play in the grass.
Hadd keljen fel kĂ©sƑbb! – Let him/her get up later.

JĂł ötlet a tĂĄnyĂ©rba tĂŒsszenteni. Hadd kapjunk el valami betegsĂ©get!
Good idea sneezing in the plate. Let‘s catch some disease.

Adj neki pénzt, aztån, hadd menjen!
Give her some money, then let her go.

This word is not to be confused with this noun: had = army troops. By the way, you don’t really have to bother about the double d at the end of hadd. You can say a single d, too. If it goes along with a verb in imperative mood, we understand it’s hadd and not had anyway.

So next time “exceptional” verbs.

Imperative Mood Definite Conjugation

Definite conjugation:
-jam, -jem
-d / -jad, -jed
-ja, -je
-juk, -jĂŒk
-jåtok, -jétek
-jåk, -jék

Note that there is no special suffix for verbs with ö Ƒ ĂŒ Ʊ. Furthermore, just as the indefinite 2nd PS form can have a short and long version, the definite 2nd PS form also have two: -d for high and deep verbs OR -jad, -jed!

ÉLNI = TO LIVE
Ă©ljem
Ă©ld / Ă©ljed
Ă©lje
Ă©ljĂŒk
éljétek
éljék

TÖRNI = TO BREAK
törjem
törd / törjed
törje
törjĂŒk
törjétek
törjék

JÁRNI = TO WALK
jĂĄrjam
jĂĄrd / jĂĄrjad
jĂĄrja
jĂĄrjuk
jĂĄrjĂĄtok
jĂĄrjĂĄk

NO LINK VOWEL IS NEEDED FOR EITHER THE DEFINITE OR INDEFINITE CONJUGATION!

Some sentences:

Éld vĂ©gre az Ă©letedet, Ă©s hagyj bĂ©kĂ©n!
Live your life at last and leave me alone.

Ne törjĂ©tek össze az ĂŒveget!
Don’t break the glass!

Járja csak az utcákat! ElƑbb-utóbb megtalálja a címet.
Let him walk the streets. Sooner or later he’ll find the address.

Next time “exceptional” verbs. Bye now.

Imperative Mood Indefinite Conjugation

The general ending for imperative mood is: -j

Formation: indefinite 3rd PS verb + -j ending + suffix

kér + -j + -él > kérjél = (you had better) ask

Indefinite conjugation suffixes:
-jak, -jek
-j / -jål, -jél
-jon, -jen, -jön
-junk, -jĂŒnk
-jatok, -jetek
-janak, -jenek

NOTE! Verbs with ö Ƒ ĂŒ Ʊ take the -jön suffix in 3rd PS. The 2nd PS form can be just the -j for both high and deep verbs or you can use the longer versions -jĂĄl, -jĂ©l. It’s your decision. Examples:

ÉLNI = TO LIVE
Ă©ljek
élj / éljél
Ă©ljen
Ă©ljĂŒnk
Ă©ljetek
Ă©ljenek

SZÜLNI = TO BEAR
szĂŒljek
szĂŒlj / szĂŒljĂ©l
szĂŒljön
szĂŒljĂŒnk
szĂŒljetek
szĂŒljenek

JÁRNI = TO WALK
jĂĄrjak
jårj / jårjål
jĂĄrjon
jĂĄrjunk
jĂĄrjatok
jĂĄrjanak

NO LINK VOWEL IS NEEDED FOR EITHER OF THE IMPERATIVE CONJUGATION FORMS!

Some sentences:

SokĂĄ Ă©ljen a kirĂĄly!
May the king live long!

JĂĄrjunk egyet a strandon!
Let’s have a walk on the beach.

Nem tudom, szĂŒljek-e gyereket.
I’m not sure if I should have a child.

Next time definite conjugation. Bye now! 🙂

Moods And Imperative Mood

So far we’ve been talking about these topics:

present tense = jelen idƑ
past tense = mĂșlt idƑ
future tense = jövƑ idƑ

And now it’s time to talk about moods. Hungarian has three moods. Here I give you the tenses you can use with the moods.

indicative: present, past, future
imperative: present
conditional: present, past

We’ve discussed present, past and future which are in indicative mood.

IMPERATIVE MOOD

First a small introduction to imperative mood.

The Hungarian term for imperative mood is: felszĂłlĂ­tĂł mĂłd. As you see above, it can be expressed with one tense: present. Words in imperative mood have suffixes attached to them in all numbers/persons. Even for the 1st PS!

Some examples for what can be imperative:

Menj el! – Go away.
Hagyjatok bĂ©kĂ©n! – Leave us alone.
MenjĂŒnk!  – Let’s go!
Jöjjenek! – They should come.
Ne kiabĂĄlj! – Don’t shout.

Hungarian imperative sentences always end with an exclamation mark!

The problem comes for a Hungarian student learning English when it’s about 1st PS, 1st PP, 3rd PS, 3rd PP. These forms are paraphrased in English, but have a suffix in Hungarian. Examples:

Vegyek kenyeret? – Shall I buy some bread?
SĂ©tĂĄljunk! – Let’s walk.
BeszĂ©ljen! – He should talk. / He‘d better talk.
BeszĂ©ljenek! – They should talk. / They’d better talk.

As the 3rd PS and 3rd PP also express the polite forms (Remember Ƒ, Ƒk ön, maga, önök, maguk), BeszĂ©ljen! and BeszĂ©ljenek! can also mean: You (sir) should talk. You (gentlemen) should talk.

The 1st PS form is used when English says ‘Shall I…?’ and in the following situation:

Menjek veled? – Shall I come with you?
Legyek szerĂ©nyebb? – Shall I be more humble?
Azt akarja, hogy legyek szerĂ©nyebb – He wants me to be more humble.

Note that in the last sentence you see the 1st PS imperative form of the substantive verb (legyek). English, however, simplifies such sentences (me to be), but it would be possible to use subjunctive mood (He wants that I be…)

THE HUNGARIAN SOLUTION in such sentences IS MORE LIKE THE NOT REALLY USED ENGLISH SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD!

You shouldn’t worry about the two terms: subjunctive and imperative mood. Let’s just say they’re the same in Hungarian. So in the next entry we’ll learn how to conjugate verbs in imperative mood.

Bye 🙂